Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the cognitive level of analysis Essay Example for Free

Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the cognitive level of analysis Essay Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the cognitive level of analysis There are plenty of ethical considerations connected to research studies at the SCLOA, for example the right to withdraw, deception, knowledgeable agreement and excessive stress or harm. For example, Festinger’s â€Å"When Prophecy Fails† observation of a doomsday cult has ethical invasions of deception as well as knowledgeable agreement. Festinger and his group of researchers invade a doomsday cult that thought that the world would come to an end on December 21st and aimed to see how they would react when it wouldn’t end. By pretending to be one of them, Festinger violated the ethical thought of asking for their authorization and consequently, since it was a secret observation, he also cheated them. They were incredibly upset when he said who he really was; to be an undercover researcher. It is most likely that Festinger would not have been able to earn a full understanding of the cult’s behaviour and how it played into the social recognise theory if he had not cheated them, as he was observing them on their normal day without any effects influencing their behaviour. However, he cheated on ethics. This is a matter with other observations at this level of analysis as being secret that tricks them and is unethical if they aren’t in a public place, during undisguised influences their natural behaviour that is precisely what you are trying to study. Milgram’s study on people’s willingness to do authority also is an invasion of ethics in terms of cheating, but also with excessive stress or harm and even the right to withdraw. Members that participated were asked to ask a number of questions to someone they were only able to hear and to give a number of electric shocks every time the other person, who was normally only a tape recording, would give an answer to the question incorrectly. The voltage of the shock would be increased per incorrect answer. Although the members that  participated delivering the shocks weren’t able to actually hurt someone, they still became more and more stressed every time the person on the reco rding would sound more hurt or even stop saying something. The whole point of this experiment was to be able to see how far someone would go when carry out authority so some people, when forced by a calm researcher, would deliver shocks that were marked as lethal. When the experiment was over, the people who had done it all the way to the strongest shocks were questioned and told that they hadn’t actually harmed anyone. Nonetheless, they were still tricked and were stressed by the cries of pain or silence that showed that the person was dead. Moreover, the long-term effects of this study on the members that participated, is that they know that they are capable of hurting someone or even killing them, which may traumatize them. Nonetheless, the experiment was controlled, and so was artificial and lacked ecological acceptance. Also, it was done on other people who had sound like they had mental health problems, so this experiment can be easily generalized and used for the SCLOA as it studies how others influence one’s behaviour. As mentioned before, however, Milgram had some problems with the right to pull back, which Zimbardo’s â€Å"Prison Study† also had. Milgram made it able for people to leave if they became uncomfortable; nonetheless, his aim for this study made him to become more uncertain and made them continuously to stay. This is not the case with Zimbardo’s study. In his study, he randomly chose mentally healthy members that participated to the role of a prison guard or a prisoner to search the role of dispositional and situational factors in behaviour. Nonetheless, over the course of this study, Zimbardo and his members that participated became so involved in their roles that they were made to that not only the prisoners were humiliated, physically punished and felt violated and in danger, at some moments they were forcedly undressed and given a piece of clothing that covered little of their private parts; however, they weren’t able to be let out of the study. Only one member that participated with the role of a prisoner was released because of a severe state, but the others members that participated who screamed and cried to be released, couldn’t be released. On top of the excessive stress and harm inflicted on the prisoners and   guards, who might have been traumatized by their actions during this study, none of them could leave the experiment. The researcher was not Zimbardo himself, he became absorbed in his own role as the prison officer, and consequently he is biased when analysing his own study. Overall, this was an unethical study, even though; fortunately the members that participated were questioned and offered psychological counselling because of the long-term effects. It is obvious that deception, knowledgeable agreement, the right to withdraw and undue excessive stress or harm are ethical considerations at the SCLOA. It is frequently hard to keep away of such ethical violations at this level, though, as in order to study someones behaviour and how we are influenced by others in their natural state, the existence of a researcher may affect this behaviour. Therefore, questioning is important in sensitive ethically risky studies such as Festinger’s, Milgram’s and Zimbardo’s studies. However, when studying someone’s behaviour, a researcher must stay a secret, for example, not becoming affected by the group, and keep paying attention to the rights of the members that participate; being denied the right to withdraw has no excuse.

Servitude and Power Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

What is servitude? What is power? Are these things sought by all humans or is it something that is forced upon us? Servitude is a slavery or bondage of any type. Power is strength in ability to do. The fact about humanity remains that we are all influenced in all lifestyles by these two simple words. Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Tempest† focuses on these themes of power and servitude and presents them to us in a manner that shows the true egotistical side of humanity and the lengths that we will go to get what we want. Here the question is posed: Who is the slave and what is to gain? It is true that many of the characters show aspects of slavery, making â€Å"each character† the answer; but individually, each character still gives its own representation to the topic. A relationship that breaks the mold and does not fit with all the other human struggles for power on the island is the one between Miranda and Ferdinand. Their struggle does not match all the others and t hey have different gains in mind from everyone else. Miranda just under fifteen years old is gentle and compassionate to say the least and is very passive. She is born with â€Å"a knowledge of the common humanity in which all men participate† (Douglas 233,236). You can easily see her emotional state and compassion in her very first lines: â€Å"O, I have suffered / With those that I saw suffer!† she says of the shipwreck (1.2.5–6), and hearing Prospero’s tale of their narrow escape from Milan, she says â€Å"I, not rememb’ring how I cried out then, / Will cry it o’er again† (1.2.158-160). However, even though Miranda is very passive in some ways, she has a few moments where she demonstrates strength and power that further complicates how we view this naà ¯ve girl. This first moment captures the s... ... there are here! / How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world / That has such people in 't". (5.1.215-218) Through this passage, and many of her others, Miranda shows a positive attitude which is almost strange when compared to the other characters. He could have easily agreed and receieved help from her but he affirms the honor of his intentions. However, until those intentions are tested not even he can be sure of them. â€Å"His only weakness seems to be an inclination to sit and admire her when he should be using time to complete work the point is made in terms of remembering and forgetting.† (Douglas 233,236) This weakness is made very clear when he states: My sweet mistress Weeps when she seems me work, and says such baseness Had never like executor. I forget; But these sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours, Most busy least when I do it. (3.1.11-15)

Suzie Orman

In the essay that Suze Orman wrote, â€Å"How to Take Control of Your Credit Cards†, Orman says that it is only a matter of choice whether or not you learn to take control of your credit cards. Orman states, when you’re paying high interest rates on credit cards you have maxed out, you could be paying ridiculous amounts of money just in interest. And it could take you years to pay it off. People often overspend on there credit cards, charging anything and everything they purchase on them.Which leads them to being broke either by choice or in a crisis. Orman says, you should only charge what you can afford on your credit cards. Just because you have a high credit amount, doesn’t mean to go out and buy things that aren’t a necessity to you. Orman says; before you select a credit card you should always find the lowest interest rate for the credit card, for which you will only have to pay less in interest. You are more likely to get a lower interest rate if yo u have a strong FICO score.The credit card companies don’t like to make your interest rate low because that means they don’t make much money off of you. When you start using the credit card that you pick, always make sure you make your payments on time; if you don’t then your interest rate will sky rocket. If you mail your payment, make sure it’s mailed at least 5 days before it is due. Not on the due date, because that will be considered late. If you are dealing with multiple credit cards, you are to always try and pay off the credit cards with the highest interest rate, not the one with the highest balance.Making more then the minimum payment each month could saves you big bucks in the long run. The people that can’t control their credit cards, there is counseling available to help manage your finances. Orman suggests to choice an honest and fair credit counseling service; you do this by getting reference from the National Foundation for Credit C ounseling. In searching, a good counselor will make a face-to-face appointment to talk with you in detail about your financial situation before any further action is suggested.A bad counselor will tell you right off the bat that you need a debt management plan before even knowing your current financial situation. A good counselor will also require you to enroll in education classes. In this essay, Orman proves that there are many ways to control your credit card debts and how to responsibly choose the right credit cards based on interest rates. Orman demonstrates that choosing wisely will prevent needing any kind of debt counseling.

Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision Making Matrix

Associate Level Material Appendix B Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision Making Matrix Determine the ethical course of action for the following three scenarios from the perspective of each of the three philosophical approaches: consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Then, complete the matrix below by writing a few sentences stating the ethical course of action and the reasoning from that approach’s perspective. Clearly differentiate the reasons for each of the three approaches. Keep in mind that, although rationale might differ, the ethical course of action for a given scenario might be the same for each philosophical approach. Be sure to state the ethical course of action as well as the rationale†¦show more content†¦| | |Deontology |The city is in distress financially and is in need of help, making the decision | | | |good for the community. The proposal assists the obligation of the mayor to the | | | |community and the mayor should look at the positive outcome. | | |Virtue Ethics |The nursing home and the new project will ensure that everyone in the community | | | |has benefited to the decision. | |Scenario 2 |Consequentialism |By Catalina reporting the sale, the extra bonuses will be missed by everyone, but| | | |the positives outnumber the negatives. | | |Deontology |She is part of a team and has an obligation to her team, why should her team | | | |suffer because she could not make her sales quota? | | |Virtue Ethics |Catalina’s reputation is on the line, it is not right for her to reportShow MoreRelatedChapter One- Strategic Management Strategic Management Comprises of Two Words Strategy and Management. Simply Put, Strategy Is a Companys Game Plan. 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Edgar Allan Poe s The Famous Quote - 1183 Words

Edgar Allan Poe once wrote the famous quote, â€Å"Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality.† Born on January 19, 1809, he was raised by two actors in a boarding house along Carver Street, in Boston, Massachusetts. His years in Massachusetts had not been long forgotten. For an author of so many great tales, Poe led a depressing life in his adolescent years, undergoing many mental obstacles. Even without a proper education in schooling or a healthy childhood, Edgar Allan Poe still remains to be known as one of the greatest writers of his time. In the earlier stages of his life, he and his siblings had to undergo the loss of both their parents. Their father, David Poe, had failed as an actor and a husband when he’d taken a turn for the worst, relying on alcohol which had encouraged his violent temper. He had deserted his wife and three children in July of 1811 and with this leaving their mother, now a widower, alone with two-year-old Edgar, his elder brother Henry, and his infant sister Rosalie. She struggled to feed her children for the next few months as she accepted any stage role offered to her just for a few bucks. Then on December 8, 1811, Elizabeth Poe died of tuberculous in Richmond, Virginia only 5 months after David had fled. The three children huddled close to their mother’s deceased body until they were soon to be taken away from each other. After his mother’s death Edgar had been sought out by Frances Allan who convinced herShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven And The Fall Of The House Of Usher 896 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is an extremely well known American writer and is famous for his horrific and mysterious works such as, â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† Poe was born in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts in an era that seems to have many dark and ominous writers and pieces of literature originating from that time period. Poe is said to have launched the interest in many of the detective type stories that we read from modern day writers. â€Å"In the early 1800s, romanticism was the dominantRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe, My Hero And This Is Why1487 Words   |  6 PagesEdagr Allen Poe is my hero and this is why. He has been an not so liked person when he was alive and even after death he still isn’t that liked. People only know him as th e guy who wrote stories that were creepy. Some people think that he had a lot of problems. Some people thought that he had done drugs and alcohol. One of his qoutes were â€Å"Men have called me mad; but the question is not yet settled, whether madness is or is not the loftiest intelligence†- Edgar Allen Poe (Giordano). I never knewRead MoreThe Precedent Of Gothic Horror1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Precedent of Gothic-Horror The king of the gothic-horror genre, Edgar Allan Poe, is well-known for intriguing short stories, especially â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. In cinematic art, Alfred Hitchcock, â€Å"The Master of Suspense†, uses similar techniques in his film such as foreshadowing, and suspense to give the audience a sense of an adrenaline overdose. 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Some stories by Poe that include these elements are, â€Å"Tell-TaleRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allen Poe1494 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1844, Edgar Allen Poe published one of his most famous poems â€Å"The Raven.† â€Å"The Raven† is about a man reading books trying to keep his mind off a woman named Lenore he loved that died. Later, while he is napping, he wakes up from a knocking on the door. He gets up and opens the door of his chamber, but no one is there. He goes to his window then opens the shutters. A raven flies right in and sits on a bust of Pallas, goddess of wisdom, on top of his chamber door. The narrator sits there askingRead MoreEssay about The Work and Life of Edgar Allan Poe1994 Words   |  8 PagesA bit of Edgar Allan Poes life had been molded into each piece of his work. This provided his readers and critics with a better understanding of Poes life. Poe displayed his greatest lifes ac hievements and his worst disappointments in a series of stories and poems created throughout his whole life. It is the goal of this research paper to reveal symbolic facts about Poe?s life and define these hidden parallels in some of his most famous works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809Read MoreYoussef Abdelhameed. Dr. Glover. Enc-1102 (222042). 211278 Words   |  6 PagesAbdelhameed Dr. Glover ENC-1102 (222042) 21 April 2017 Poe and American Victorianism Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his writings of poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery. He is widely regarded as a famous figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature, and he was one of the country s earliest practitioners of short stories. 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The Tale Of Othello By William Shakespeare - 1264 Words

The tale of Othello written by William Shakespeare is about several things; love, heroism, military, isolation and sadness. The contrasts of characters within in this play are almost as remarkable as the themes presented and evoked. Within this piece each character is balanced by another of similar or contrasting characteristics. Desdemona is balanced by her opposite, Iago. Her love and concern for others is at one end of the spectrum versus his hatred and concern for self at the other end. All of the characters present a range and variety as striking and different as that produced by the opposite. Othello and Iago are two opposites that balance each other’s personality and action throughout this piece. Their distinguishing qualities stand out to the mind’s eye therefore when we are not thinking of their actions or characterstics, the idea of them is still as present as ever. Prior to the opening scene it can be assumed that Othello and Iago had a great relationship. There is evidence throughout the play that prior to this point there had be confidence between the two men and they were both looked at as men of excellent ability and character. Othello was known as a noble Moor obtaining the highest military position. People also saw Iago as an upright and noble man as he earned the nickname â€Å"honest Iago.† However as portrayed in the first scene and throughout the remainder of the play, â€Å"honest Iago† becomes the mortal enemy of the noble Othello. We can tell that the play isShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And The Canterbury Tales Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s novel, â€Å"Othello† and in Geoffrey Chaucer’s novel, The Canterbury Tales, include women throughout both novels. The novel, Othello is written in 1603 and The Canterbury Tales is written in the 1400’s, during the late Middle Ages. 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Shakespeare’s Othello was not justRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despiteRead MoreThe World Of William Shakespeare950 Words   |  4 Pagesworld of William Shakespeare was such a time. In the age of man’s revision of his culture and sense of humanity after the dark Middle Ages there was money and fame to be earned in the gossipy tales of mankind’s utter lack of culture and cruel inhumanity. 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They were considered properties of their masters (fathers and husbands), and had no use other than birthing and mothering. A woman was supposed to be meek, chaste, and have no opinion. However, the characters Desdemona in William Shakespeare’sRead MoreEssay about Othellos Tragic Flaws983 Words   |  4 Pages Shakespeare has been known to create terrific tales of love and tragedy. Even James Van Der Beek, a well known actor from Dawsons Creek, once commented that, â€Å"like all great romantics, Shakespeare realized love was a lot more likely to end with a bunch of dead Danish people than with a kiss†(Americans on the Bard). This emphasizes how easily people can relate Shakespeare to tragic love. Although he did write many poems and plays with happy endings, his tragedies stand out the most. In these

Restriction Digestion Samples Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Restriction Digestion Samples Management. Answer: Introduction: The DNA ladder consisted of 10 bands of sizes 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500 and 5000 base pairs. The distance travelled by the DNA bands were measured in millimeters and a standard curve was generated. Both the DNA band sizes and the distances travelled by them were plotted to generate a standard curve. The standard curve was prepared in excel and a scatter plot was generated carrying all the respective data points. The X- axis represents the DNA length in base pairs and the Y-axis represents the distance travelled by each of the bands in the DNA ladder used. An exponential trend line was inserted in the scatter plot and the necessary equation was also included as shown in Appendix. The unknown plasmid was digested with three different enzymes. These enzymes are BamHI, EcoRI and HindIII. The plasmid was single digested with the BamHI, EcoRI and HindIII restriction enzymes as well as done in combinations. These combinations are EcoRI and BamHI, EcoRI and HindIII, BamHI and HindIII. The undigested plasmid was also loaded in one of the lanes of the agarose gel. The DNA ladder was used to determine the sizes of the unknown bands in the lanes, where the restriction digestion samples were loaded. The distance travelled by the unknown bands were measured in millimeters. The sizes of the unknown bands were determined from the standard curve generated. The first lane consisted of the uncut plasmid. Uncut plasmids generally consists of supercoiled and closed circular forms, so it is difficult to determine the exact sizes of the plasmid. Single digestion of the plasmid with BamHI yielded a single band of size 5.0 kb, which is the same size as the top most DNA band in the DNA ladder. Single digestion with EcoRI yielded bands of sizes approximately 3.0, 1.5 and 0.5 kb. The three bands obtained after digestion with the EcoRI enzyme coincided with the corresponding bands in the DNA ladder. Single digestion with HindIII yielded bands of sizes approximately 3.25 and 1.75, positioned between 3.0 and 3.5 kb band and between 1.5 and 2.0 kb bands of the DNA ladder, respectively. The results indicate that BamHI has a single restriction site in the plasmid, EcoRI has three restriction sites and HindIII has two restriction sites in the said plasmid. Double digestion with EcoRI and BamHI yielded four bands of sizes approximately 2.25, 1.5, 0.625 and 0.5 kb, respectively. The 0.5 and 1.5 kb bands are common in case of both single digestion with EcoRI and on double digestion with EcoRI and BamHI. Thus, these two bands are due to EcoRI digestion only, while, the 3.0 kb band obtained in the case of EcoRI digestion was digested by BamHI to sizes 2.25 and 0.625, respectively. Thus, the BamHI site is 2.25 and 0.625 kb apart from the EcoRI sites. Double digestion with BamHI and HindIII yielded DNA bands of sizes approximately 1.75, 1.625 and 1.5 kb, respectively. Single digestion with HindIII also yielded a common DNA band of size 1.75 kb. Thus, this 1.75 kb band is caused due to HindIII digestion only, while the other two bands obtained as a result of double digestion using BamHI and HindIII are caused as a result of digestion by BamHI. Thus, it can be inferred that the BamHI restriction site is present between the two HindIII sites and digests the 3.25 kb band obtained in the case of single digestion with HindIII to approximately 1.75 and 1.625 kb, respectively. Double digestion with EcoRI and HindIII yielded five DNA bands of sizes approximately 2.125, 0.875, 0.75, 0.625 and 0.5 kb, respectively. Single digestion with EcoRI yielded three DNA bands of sizes 3, 1.5 and 0.5 kb, respectively. Thus, it can be seen that the 0.5 kb band is common for both the EcoRI single digestion and the EcoRI and HindIII double digestion. Thus, the 0.5 kb DNA band obtained is solely due to EcoRI digestion, while the 3 kb DNA band obtained in the case of single digestion with EcoRI underwent restriction digestion by HindIII to DNA bands of sizes approximately 2.125 and 0.875 kb, respectively. The 1.5 kb DNA band obtained in the case of single digestion of the plasmid with EcoRI was divided by restriction digestion with HindIII to DNA bands of sizes 0.875 and 0.75, respectively. Thus, there are two DNA bands of 0.875 kb co-migrating in the agarose gel. The 3.25 kb DNA band obtained in the case of single digestion with HindIII was divided into three DNA bands of s izes 2.125 kb, 0.5 kb and 0.75 kb, respectively. These three DNA bands were obtained as a result of presence of two of the three EcoRI restriction sites present between the two HindIII sites in the plasmid. The 1.75 kb band obtained as a result of single digestion of the plasmid with HindIII was divided into two 0.875 kb bands co-migrating in the agarose DNA gel. This is obtained as a result of the presence of the third EcoRI restriction enzyme site in between the two HindIII restriction enzyme sites. At first single restriction enzyme digestion maps are created. The circle represents the plasmid. Figure 1 represents the presence of the single BamHI site. Single digestion resulted in the linearization of the plasmid, thereby yielding a single DNA band in the agarose gel as observed in lane 4. Figure 2 represents the EcoRI sites present in the plasmid. Single digestion with EcoRI yielded three bands as opposed to the single band obtained in the case of single digestion with BamHI and this was observed in the agarose gel in lane 3. Figure 3 represents the HindIII sites present in the plasmid DNA. There are two HindIII sites, which can be represented by the presence of two DNA bands as observed in the agarose gel in lane 5. Figure 4 represents the EcoRI and BamHI sites present in the plasmid DNA. Figure 5 represents the BamHI and HindIII sites in the plasmid DNA. Finally, Figure 6 represents the final restriction sites present in the plasmid DNA.