Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the cognitive level of analysis Essay Example for Free

Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the cognitive level of analysis Essay Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the cognitive level of analysis There are plenty of ethical considerations connected to research studies at the SCLOA, for example the right to withdraw, deception, knowledgeable agreement and excessive stress or harm. For example, Festinger’s â€Å"When Prophecy Fails† observation of a doomsday cult has ethical invasions of deception as well as knowledgeable agreement. Festinger and his group of researchers invade a doomsday cult that thought that the world would come to an end on December 21st and aimed to see how they would react when it wouldn’t end. By pretending to be one of them, Festinger violated the ethical thought of asking for their authorization and consequently, since it was a secret observation, he also cheated them. They were incredibly upset when he said who he really was; to be an undercover researcher. It is most likely that Festinger would not have been able to earn a full understanding of the cult’s behaviour and how it played into the social recognise theory if he had not cheated them, as he was observing them on their normal day without any effects influencing their behaviour. However, he cheated on ethics. This is a matter with other observations at this level of analysis as being secret that tricks them and is unethical if they aren’t in a public place, during undisguised influences their natural behaviour that is precisely what you are trying to study. Milgram’s study on people’s willingness to do authority also is an invasion of ethics in terms of cheating, but also with excessive stress or harm and even the right to withdraw. Members that participated were asked to ask a number of questions to someone they were only able to hear and to give a number of electric shocks every time the other person, who was normally only a tape recording, would give an answer to the question incorrectly. The voltage of the shock would be increased per incorrect answer. Although the members that  participated delivering the shocks weren’t able to actually hurt someone, they still became more and more stressed every time the person on the reco rding would sound more hurt or even stop saying something. The whole point of this experiment was to be able to see how far someone would go when carry out authority so some people, when forced by a calm researcher, would deliver shocks that were marked as lethal. When the experiment was over, the people who had done it all the way to the strongest shocks were questioned and told that they hadn’t actually harmed anyone. Nonetheless, they were still tricked and were stressed by the cries of pain or silence that showed that the person was dead. Moreover, the long-term effects of this study on the members that participated, is that they know that they are capable of hurting someone or even killing them, which may traumatize them. Nonetheless, the experiment was controlled, and so was artificial and lacked ecological acceptance. Also, it was done on other people who had sound like they had mental health problems, so this experiment can be easily generalized and used for the SCLOA as it studies how others influence one’s behaviour. As mentioned before, however, Milgram had some problems with the right to pull back, which Zimbardo’s â€Å"Prison Study† also had. Milgram made it able for people to leave if they became uncomfortable; nonetheless, his aim for this study made him to become more uncertain and made them continuously to stay. This is not the case with Zimbardo’s study. In his study, he randomly chose mentally healthy members that participated to the role of a prison guard or a prisoner to search the role of dispositional and situational factors in behaviour. Nonetheless, over the course of this study, Zimbardo and his members that participated became so involved in their roles that they were made to that not only the prisoners were humiliated, physically punished and felt violated and in danger, at some moments they were forcedly undressed and given a piece of clothing that covered little of their private parts; however, they weren’t able to be let out of the study. Only one member that participated with the role of a prisoner was released because of a severe state, but the others members that participated who screamed and cried to be released, couldn’t be released. On top of the excessive stress and harm inflicted on the prisoners and   guards, who might have been traumatized by their actions during this study, none of them could leave the experiment. The researcher was not Zimbardo himself, he became absorbed in his own role as the prison officer, and consequently he is biased when analysing his own study. Overall, this was an unethical study, even though; fortunately the members that participated were questioned and offered psychological counselling because of the long-term effects. It is obvious that deception, knowledgeable agreement, the right to withdraw and undue excessive stress or harm are ethical considerations at the SCLOA. It is frequently hard to keep away of such ethical violations at this level, though, as in order to study someones behaviour and how we are influenced by others in their natural state, the existence of a researcher may affect this behaviour. Therefore, questioning is important in sensitive ethically risky studies such as Festinger’s, Milgram’s and Zimbardo’s studies. However, when studying someone’s behaviour, a researcher must stay a secret, for example, not becoming affected by the group, and keep paying attention to the rights of the members that participate; being denied the right to withdraw has no excuse.

Servitude and Power Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

What is servitude? What is power? Are these things sought by all humans or is it something that is forced upon us? Servitude is a slavery or bondage of any type. Power is strength in ability to do. The fact about humanity remains that we are all influenced in all lifestyles by these two simple words. Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Tempest† focuses on these themes of power and servitude and presents them to us in a manner that shows the true egotistical side of humanity and the lengths that we will go to get what we want. Here the question is posed: Who is the slave and what is to gain? It is true that many of the characters show aspects of slavery, making â€Å"each character† the answer; but individually, each character still gives its own representation to the topic. A relationship that breaks the mold and does not fit with all the other human struggles for power on the island is the one between Miranda and Ferdinand. Their struggle does not match all the others and t hey have different gains in mind from everyone else. Miranda just under fifteen years old is gentle and compassionate to say the least and is very passive. She is born with â€Å"a knowledge of the common humanity in which all men participate† (Douglas 233,236). You can easily see her emotional state and compassion in her very first lines: â€Å"O, I have suffered / With those that I saw suffer!† she says of the shipwreck (1.2.5–6), and hearing Prospero’s tale of their narrow escape from Milan, she says â€Å"I, not rememb’ring how I cried out then, / Will cry it o’er again† (1.2.158-160). However, even though Miranda is very passive in some ways, she has a few moments where she demonstrates strength and power that further complicates how we view this naà ¯ve girl. This first moment captures the s... ... there are here! / How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world / That has such people in 't". (5.1.215-218) Through this passage, and many of her others, Miranda shows a positive attitude which is almost strange when compared to the other characters. He could have easily agreed and receieved help from her but he affirms the honor of his intentions. However, until those intentions are tested not even he can be sure of them. â€Å"His only weakness seems to be an inclination to sit and admire her when he should be using time to complete work the point is made in terms of remembering and forgetting.† (Douglas 233,236) This weakness is made very clear when he states: My sweet mistress Weeps when she seems me work, and says such baseness Had never like executor. I forget; But these sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours, Most busy least when I do it. (3.1.11-15)

Suzie Orman

In the essay that Suze Orman wrote, â€Å"How to Take Control of Your Credit Cards†, Orman says that it is only a matter of choice whether or not you learn to take control of your credit cards. Orman states, when you’re paying high interest rates on credit cards you have maxed out, you could be paying ridiculous amounts of money just in interest. And it could take you years to pay it off. People often overspend on there credit cards, charging anything and everything they purchase on them.Which leads them to being broke either by choice or in a crisis. Orman says, you should only charge what you can afford on your credit cards. Just because you have a high credit amount, doesn’t mean to go out and buy things that aren’t a necessity to you. Orman says; before you select a credit card you should always find the lowest interest rate for the credit card, for which you will only have to pay less in interest. You are more likely to get a lower interest rate if yo u have a strong FICO score.The credit card companies don’t like to make your interest rate low because that means they don’t make much money off of you. When you start using the credit card that you pick, always make sure you make your payments on time; if you don’t then your interest rate will sky rocket. If you mail your payment, make sure it’s mailed at least 5 days before it is due. Not on the due date, because that will be considered late. If you are dealing with multiple credit cards, you are to always try and pay off the credit cards with the highest interest rate, not the one with the highest balance.Making more then the minimum payment each month could saves you big bucks in the long run. The people that can’t control their credit cards, there is counseling available to help manage your finances. Orman suggests to choice an honest and fair credit counseling service; you do this by getting reference from the National Foundation for Credit C ounseling. In searching, a good counselor will make a face-to-face appointment to talk with you in detail about your financial situation before any further action is suggested.A bad counselor will tell you right off the bat that you need a debt management plan before even knowing your current financial situation. A good counselor will also require you to enroll in education classes. In this essay, Orman proves that there are many ways to control your credit card debts and how to responsibly choose the right credit cards based on interest rates. Orman demonstrates that choosing wisely will prevent needing any kind of debt counseling.

Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision Making Matrix

Associate Level Material Appendix B Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision Making Matrix Determine the ethical course of action for the following three scenarios from the perspective of each of the three philosophical approaches: consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Then, complete the matrix below by writing a few sentences stating the ethical course of action and the reasoning from that approach’s perspective. Clearly differentiate the reasons for each of the three approaches. Keep in mind that, although rationale might differ, the ethical course of action for a given scenario might be the same for each philosophical approach. Be sure to state the ethical course of action as well as the rationale†¦show more content†¦| | |Deontology |The city is in distress financially and is in need of help, making the decision | | | |good for the community. The proposal assists the obligation of the mayor to the | | | |community and the mayor should look at the positive outcome. | | |Virtue Ethics |The nursing home and the new project will ensure that everyone in the community | | | |has benefited to the decision. | |Scenario 2 |Consequentialism |By Catalina reporting the sale, the extra bonuses will be missed by everyone, but| | | |the positives outnumber the negatives. | | |Deontology |She is part of a team and has an obligation to her team, why should her team | | | |suffer because she could not make her sales quota? | | |Virtue Ethics |Catalina’s reputation is on the line, it is not right for her to reportShow MoreRelatedChapter One- Strategic Management Strategic Management Comprises of Two Words Strategy and Management. Simply Put, Strategy Is a Companys Game Plan. Strategy Can Be Defined as Large-Scale, Future-Oriented Plans for5766 Words   |  24 Pagescompetitive environment to achieve company objectives while management is defined as the act of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other peoples. Strategic Management can therefore be defined as the set of decisions and actions that result in the formulation and implementation of plans designed to achieve a company’s objectives. This process therefore comprises of three critical tasks and they are as follows: * Design the company’s mission, vision, purposeRead MoreCase 1 Fordlandia2871 Words   |  12 Pagesafford a Model T ï‚ § Rise of middle class ï‚ § Vertically integrated company ï‚ § However, one major exception: rubber for tire production ï‚ § Natural rubber had mainly been sourced from British plantations in Southeast Asia 6 Fordlà ¢ndia ï‚ § Henry Ford’s decision to establish plantation in Amazon basin ï‚ § Aim: to decrease dependence on British suppliers, to lower cost of transportation ï‚ § Large-scale investment, Henry Ford’s pet project ï‚ § Land bought of the size of 20,000 km2 ï‚ § After 7 years, plantation shouldRead MoreSocial Justice in India4181 Words   |  17 Pagesthe theme of justice has occupied a high ground in philosophical discussions since the beginning of political philosophy, yet in terms of democracy and popular politics its exact meaning and implications have been nebulous, one of the reasons being the fact that justice in reality is a meeting ground of many ideas, situations, concepts, expectations, mechanisms, and practices. Many things intersect to form the context of social justice – ethical ideas of the people, laws, the evolving nature of claimsRead MoreCan Political Leaders Be Profiled From A Distance?3597 Words   |  15 Pagesmakers is important because a persons personality plays a key role in the decisions they will make; as well as how they will react in certain situations. This is especially important with political leaders and policy makers because their decisions and reactions have a ripple effect not only across their state but also across the globe. There are four conditions in which a political leaders personality is important: (1) the decision maker has a strategic location; (2) unclear or unstable situations; (3)Read MoreStarbucks Business Plan31663 Words   |  127 Pages 4.3.2.3.1.2 Social factors 44 4.3.2.3.1.3 Personal factor 44 4.3.2.3.2 The Five-Stages Model 45 4.3.2.3.2.1 Problem recognition 46 4.3.2.3.2.2 Information search 46 4.3.2.3.2.3 Evaluation of alternatives 47 4.3.2.3.2.4 Purchase decision 47 4.3.2.3.2.5 Postpurchase behavior 47 4.3.2.4 Competition 48 4.3.2.4.1 Identifying competitors 48 4.3.2.4.2 Strategies,objectives,strengths and weaknesses and selecting competitors 49 Read MoreThe Leadership Style of Richard Branson Contributes to the Success of the Virgin Group2109 Words   |  8 Pagesactivities in the 1970s. To date, Virgin has created more than 300 companies globally, employing over 50,000 people in 30 countries. In 2009, global revenues exceeded $18 billion US with a portfolio that continues to grow. The company believes in making a difference, and is quite particular about the manner in which they invest, or assist in marketing new ventures. Several things appear to ensure that anything that has a Virgin brand is successful: 1) the brand, 2) Richard Bransons reputation; 3)Read MoreEducational drama in education8389 Words   |  34 Pagesmulti†dimensional analysis of the data, in terms of the pedagogical themes that began to emerge. The final section of the paper suggests that there are many pedagog ical approaches common to educational drama and ESD and that, indeed, a range of dramatic techniques and conventions can be an important addition to the repertoire of active learning approaches employed by the ESD educator. View full text Download full text Keywords education for sustainable development,   educational drama,   pedagogy,   ecopedagogyRead MoreMoral Education - David Purpel2944 Words   |  12 Pagesmovement that, ironically, contributed to our moral paralysis,either through misguided efforts to be neutral or ill-guided efforts to preserveconventional morality or both. To demonstratemy point, I focus (briefly)on the three most prominent recent approaches-the Simon and Raths values clarification approach; Kohlberg s cognitive-developmentaltheory; and the pro-social movement, perhaps best representedby the writingsof Kevin Ryan. The values clarificationprogram involves an ingenious and deceptivelyRead MoreProvide Leadership Across and Organisation - Qantas5612 Words   |  23 PagesBuilding Trust, Confidence and Respect 5 Monitoring the Global Environment and New Technology 6 Flexibility and Adaptability to Change 6 Consultation 7 Decision Making 8 Risk Management Plans 9 10 10 Accountabilities and Responsibilities 11 Resource Management 11 Delegation 11 Positive Work Environment 12 Innovation 13 Ethical Conduct 13 Interpersonal and Leadership Styles 14 Personal Objectives 14 Self-Performance and Professional Competence 15 Industry/ ProfessionalRead MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 Pages rI B S U se O nl y C la s s of 20 09 Contents PART I: AN OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Introduction to Management Control Systems Approaches to Management Control Systems Designing Management Control Systems Key Success Variables as Control Indicators Organizing for Adaptive Control Autonomy and Responsibility Transfer Pricing 3 15 28 42 57 71 87 PART II: MANAGEMENT CONTROL ENVIRONMENT